Studies

Research

The science behind the formula.

Athladent's formulation is grounded in peer-reviewed research. Below are the studies that informed the ingredients, abrasivity targets, and protocol design.

Featured Article
Athletes and Fluoride: A Concern for Endurance Athletes
Dr. Sam McKinney, DDS
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Athletes & Oral Health
01
Effect of endurance training on dental erosion, caries, and saliva
Abrasivity & Enamel Wear
02
Toothpaste abrasion and abrasive particle content — correlating profilometric analysis with RDA values
03
RDA and REA values of commercially available toothpastes
04
Abrasive enamel and dentin wear from brushing with high vs. low REA/RDA toothpastes
05
Clinical study investigating abrasive effects of three toothpastes and water in an in situ model
06
Investigation of erosion and abrasion on enamel and dentine — an in situ model
Salivary Pellicle
07
Salivary pellicle modification with polyphenol-rich teas and natural extracts to improve protection against dental erosion
08
Acquired salivary pellicle — composition, formation, and protective function
Nano-Hydroxyapatite & Remineralization
09
Improved Enamel Acid Resistance Using Biocompatible Nano-Hydroxyapatite Coating Method
Materials. 2022. Satou R, Iwasaki M, Kamijo H, Sugihara N.
10
The Reinforcing Effect of Anti-Caries Treatments on Acidic Challenge Resistance of Irradiated Enamel
PloS One. 2025. Shafiei F, Khaleghi I, Ansari M, Mirzaei E, Tavangar MS.
11
Effect of Air-Abrasion Pretreatment With Three Bioactive Materials on Enamel Susceptibility to Erosion by Artificial Gastric Juice
Dental Materials. 2022. Karaoulani K, Dionysopoulos D, Tolidis K, et al.
12
Effect of Home-Bleaching Gels Modified by Calcium and/or Fluoride and the Application of Nano-Hydroxyapatite Paste on in Vitro Enamel Erosion Susceptibility
Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2015. Santos LF, Torres CR, Caneppele TM, Magalhães AC, Borges AB.
13
Surface characteristics of a modified acidulated phosphate fluoride gel with nano-hydroxyapatite coating applied on bovine enamel subjected to an erosive environment
Microscopy Research and Technique. 2018. Soares LES, da Silva Magalhães J, Marciano FR, Lobo AO.
14
Efficacy of Nano-Hydroxyapatite on Caries Prevention
Clinical Oral Investigations. 2022. Wierichs RJ, Wolf TG, Campus G, Carvalho TS.
15
Remineralization Potential of Nano-Hydroxyapatite on Initial Enamel Lesions: An in Vitro Study
Caries Research. 2011. Huang S, Gao S, Cheng L, Yu H.
16
Disaggregated Nano-Hydroxyapatite With Inhibitory Effects on Biofilms and Demineralization
Journal of Dental Research. 2023. Huang Y, Han Q, Peng X, et al.
17
Rehardening and the Protective Effect of Gamma-Polyglutamic Acid/Nano-Hydroxyapatite Paste on Surface-Etched Enamel
Polymers. 2021. Teng NC, Pandey A, Hsu WH, et al.
18
Biomimetic Effect of Nano-Hydroxyapatite in Demineralized Enamel before Orthodontic Bonding
BioMed Research International. 2019. Scribante A, Dermenaki Farahani MR, Marino G, et al.
Fluoride, Athletes & Systemic Health
19
Community Water Fluoridation Levels to Promote Effectiveness and Safety in Oral Health — United States, 2016-2021
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2023. Boehmer TJ, Lesaja S, Espinoza L, Ladva CN.
20
Fluoride Use in Caries Prevention in the Primary Care Setting
Pediatrics. 2020. Clark MB, Keels MA, Slayton RL.
View Study Guideline
21
Water Fluoridation for the Prevention of Dental Caries
The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2024. Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Walsh T, Lewis SR, et al.
View Study Systematic Review
22
Fluoride Toothpastes of Different Concentrations for Preventing Dental Caries
The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019. Walsh T, Worthington HV, Glenny AM, Marinho VC, Jeroncic A.
View Study Systematic Review
23
Fluoride Intake and Salivary Fluoride Retention After Using High-Fluoride Toothpaste Followed by Post-Brushing Water Rinsing and Conventional (1400-1450 Ppm) Fluoride Toothpastes Used Without Rinsing
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022. Opydo-Szymaczek J, Pawlaczyk-Kamieńska T, Borysewicz-Lewicka M.
24
Topical Fluoride for Caries Prevention: Executive Summary of the Updated Clinical Recommendations and Supporting Systematic Review
Journal of the American Dental Association. 2013. Weyant RJ, Tracy SL, Anselmo TT, et al.
View Study Guideline
25
Updated Consumer Risk Assessment of Fluoride in Food and Drinking Water Including the Contribution From Other Sources of Oral Exposure
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety Authority. 2025. Bennekou SH, Allende A, Bearth A, et al.
26
Understanding Optimum Fluoride Intake From Population-Level Evidence
Advances in Dental Research. 2018. Spencer AJ, Do LG, Mueller U, et al.
View Study Review
27
Does Fluoride Exposure Affect Thyroid Function? A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis
Environmental Research. 2024. Iamandii I, De Pasquale L, Giannone ME, et al.
View Study Systematic Review
28
Fluoride Exposure and Hypothyroidism in a Canadian Pregnancy Cohort
The Science of the Total Environment. 2023. Hall M, Lanphear B, Chevrier J, et al.
29
Fluoride Intake During Pregnancy: Calculation of Realistic Exposure Scenarios for Individual Risk Assessment
Archives of Toxicology. 2025. Sonnenburg A, Batke M, Damm G, et al.
30
Estimation of Total Daily Fluoride Intake in Europe and Correlation to Equivalent Doses in Epidemiological Studies
Journal of Applied Toxicology : JAT. 2025. Scheffler S, Partosch F, Zwintscher A, Bitsch A.
31
Total Water Intake Guidelines Are Sufficient for Optimal Hydration in United States Adults
European Journal of Nutrition. 2023. Seal AD, Colburn AT, Johnson EC, et al.
32
Water Intake in Drinks and Food: How Should We Advise Patients With Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction on Their Water Intake and/or Urine Output, as a Cornerstone of Lifestyle Interventions? ICI-RS 2024
Neurourology and Urodynamics. 2025. Gammie A, Khullar V, Rantell A, et al.
33
American College of Sports Medicine Joint Position Statement. Nutrition and Athletic Performance
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2016. Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM.
View Study Guideline
34
Effect of Exercise on Fluoride Metabolism in Adult Humans: A Pilot Study
Scientific Reports. 2015. Zohoori FV, Innerd A, Azevedo LB, Whitford GM, Maguire A.
35
Pharmacokinetics of Fluoride in Human Adults: The Effect of Exercise
Chemosphere. 2021. Mahmood M, Azevedo LB, Maguire A, Buzalaf M, Zohoori FV.
36
Effect of Fluoride on Endocrine Tissues and Their Secretory Functions
Chemosphere. 2020. Skórka-Majewicz M, Goschorska M, Żwierełło W, et al.
View Study Review
37
Exploring the Impacts of Fluoride-Induced Thyroid Toxicity: A Comprehensive Review
Biological Trace Element Research. 2026. Patial B, Thakur R.
View Study Review
38
UCI Sports Nutrition Project: Does Cycling Create a "Perfect Storm" for Bone Health? Cycling-Specific Challenges to Bone and Nutritional Strategies to Overcome These
International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2026. Saffioti N, Takarabe LL, Perfeito LAM, et al.
View Study Review
39
Cycling and Bone Health: A Systematic Review
BMC Medicine. 2012. Olmedillas H, González-Agüero A, Moreno LA, Casajus JA, Vicente-Rodríguez G.
View Study Systematic Review
40
Effect of Fluoride Treatment on the Fracture Rate in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis
The New England Journal of Medicine. 1990. Riggs BL, Hodgson SF, O'Fallon WM, et al.
41
The Association of Fluoride Exposure With Bone Density and Fracture Risk: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis
Environmental Health : A Global Access Science Source. 2025. Mazzoli R, Filippini T, Iamandii I, et al.
View Study Systematic Review
42
Environmental Fluoride Exposure and Bone Metabolism: Molecular Pathways and Health Implications
Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2026. Chang R, Zhao W, Zhou B, Ommati MM, Wang H.
View Study Review
43
Caries-Preventing Effect of a Hydroxyapatite-Toothpaste in Adults: A 18-Month Double-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial
Frontiers in Public Health. 2023. Paszynska E, Pawinska M, Enax J, et al.
44
Clinical Evidence of Caries Prevention by Hydroxyapatite: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Journal of Dentistry. 2024. Pawinska M, Paszynska E, Amaechi BT, et al.
View Study Systematic Review
45
The Role of Hydroxyapatite-Based, Fluoride-Free Toothpastes on the Prevention and the Remineralization of Initial Caries Lesions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Journal of Dentistry. 2025. Chatzidimitriou K, Theodorou K, Seremidi K, et al.
View Study Systematic Review
46
Navigating Fluoride Hesitancy: Mapping the Evidence Base for Fluoride-Free Toothpaste Alternatives
European Journal of Pediatrics. 2026. Wong AJ, Donnell CC.